spread at the early stages of Mahāyāna Buddhism, traditional methods of Buddhist
practice, as explained in the Āgamas, were in practice, but reinterpreted from the
Mahāyānistic understanding. Eventually, in the periods following the decline of the Tang
Dynasty those practices were mostly abandoned and replaced by pure Mahāyānistic
meditation practices, especially those of the Chan (Zen) and Pure Land schools. It can be
clearly seen from the meditation treatises discussed in this article, which are attributed to
Kumārajīva, the most popular translator of Indian Buddhist literature in China. Actually, as
Western researchers show, these treatises are likely to be notes of Kumārajīva’s disciples,
introduced into meditation by him.

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